Demographics can be defined as the most recent statistical characteristics of a population in a given area at a specified time¹. The most commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, economic and social status/profile, number of households and their distribution, poverty levels, education and employment status amongst others.

In relation to waste management, demographics are required to develop projections of current and future waste quantities. In addition this information is required to:

• Ensure that previously un-serviced areas, such as informal settlements and rural or sparsely populated areas are considered;
• Form the basis for projected waste volumes and types;
• Evaluate potential for financial recovery; and
• Assess the required resources to provide waste management services and infrastructure.

The following box provides demographic data/information sources.

Demography also includes fertility, mortality and migration rates. Therefore it is important to also feature in the birth and death rates of the area, how migration in the area is affecting the socio-economic; environment and development dimension patterns of that area.

Information on South Africa's demographics is collected by StatsSA during the Census data collection phase and it is classified according to settlement types. The settlement types are classified according to the following categories:

• High income, low density; ²
• Middle income, middle density;³
• Low income, high density⁴ (including informal settlements) and
• Rural settlements.

In presenting the description of population and development profile of an area, a municipality must also indicate the population growth estimates of that particular area.

Growth Estimates are available in the latest Mid-year growth Estimate report from StatsSA. Municipalities could make use of the formula supplied in this report to do their calculations. In instances where this information is not readily available, it can then be calculated as follows:

Pt = P0 + B - D + I - E ÷ N
Where Pt represents the current population,
P0 represents the base resident population,
B represents births to resident,
D represents deaths to residents,
I represents immigrants,
E represents emigrants and
N represents number of years

In the equation, the population changes by adding births and immigrants and subtracting deaths and emigrants.

Pt = P0 + B - D + I - E ÷ N
100 000=70 000+20 000-6000+3000-1000 ÷ 10
100 000=90 000-6 000+3 000-1000 ÷ 10
100 000=84 000+3 000-1000 ÷ 10
100 000=87 000-1000 ÷ 10
100 000=86 000 ÷ 10
=8.6% in 10 yrs
=8.6 ÷ 10
=0.86% annually

In this particular area/case⁶:

Settlement type: High income, low density

The base population in this settlement type category is 100 000 residents and the growth estimates per annum is 0.86% as calculated above. The following examples provide options of how demographic data in relation to settlement types in a given area can be represented. Please note that not all demographic variables have been depicted, only age, gender, employment and education are used.

Type of settlement	Base population	Growth estimates per annum	Population distribution
High income, low density	100 000	0.86%	Age: youth: 50 000, middle age: 40 000, and old age: 10 000 Gender: Male: 40 000, Female: 60 000 Education: Primary: 30 000, Secondary: 40 000, Tertiary: 30 000 Employment: Employed: 95 000 and unemployed: 5 000

Graphically the information for this settlement type would be represented as follows:

Graph 1: Demographic information for high income, low density settlement

The second example is of a middle income middle density settlement type

Settlement type: Middle income, middle density

Growth estimates per annum for this settlement type would be:

Calculated as Pt = P0 + B - D + I - E ÷ N
200 000=150 000+20 000-10 000+11 000-9 000 ÷ 10
200 000=170 000-10 000+11 000-9000 ÷ 10
200 000=160 000+11 000-9000 ÷ 10
200 000=171 000-9000 ÷ 10
200 000=162 000 ÷ 10
=16.2% in 10 yrs
=16.2 ÷ 10
=1.62% annually

Type of settlement	Base population 7	Growth estimates per annum	Population distribution
Middle income, middle density	200 000	1.62%	Age: youth: 100 000, Middle age: 60 000 and Old age: 40 000 Gender: Male: 70 000, Female: 130 000 Education: Primary: 60 000, Secondary: 90 000 and Tertiary: 50 000 Employment: Employed: 130 000 and Unemployed: 70 000

Graph 2: Demographic information for middle income, middle density settlement

For low income high density area the population distribution per settlement type would be as follows:

Settlement type: Low income, low density (including informal settlements)

Growth estimates per annum for this settlement type:

Calculated as Pt = P0 + B - D + I - E ÷ N
500 000=350 000+70 000-50 000+20 000-10 000 ÷ 10
500 000=420 000-50 000+20 000-10 000 ÷ 10
500 000=370 000+20 000-10 000 ÷ 10
500 000=390 000-10 000 ÷ 10
500 000=380 000 ÷ 10
=38% in 10 yrs
=38 ÷ 10
=3.8% annually

Type of settlement	Base population 7	Growth estimates per annum	Population distribution
Low income, high density (including Informal settlements)	500 000	3.8%	Age: Youth: 250 000, Middle age: 150 000 and Old age: 100 000 Gender: Male: 200 000, Female: 300 000 Education: Primary: 300 000, Secondary: 150 000 and Tertiary: 50 000 Employment: Employed: 150 000 and Unemployed: 350 000

Graph 3: Demographic information for low income, high density settlement

Settlement type: Rural settlement

Growth estimates per annum for this settlement type:

Calculated as Pt = P0 + B - D + I - E ÷ N
300 000=180 000+70 000-20 000+25 000-5 000 ÷ 10
300 000=250 000-20 000+25 000-5 000 ÷ 10
300 000=230 000+25 000-5 000 ÷ 10
300 000=255 000-5 000 ÷ 10
300 000=250 000 ÷ 10
=25% in 10 yrs
=25 ÷ 10
=2.5% annually

Type of settlement	Base population 7	Growth estimates per annum	Population distribution
Rural settlements	300 000	2.5%	Age: Youth: 150 000, Middle age: 90 000 and Old age: 60 000 Gender: Male: 110 000, Female: 190 000 Education: Primary: 140 000, Secondary: 90 000 and Tertiary: 70 000 Employment: Employed: 120 000 and Unemployed: 180 000

Graph 4: Demographic information for rural settlement area

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1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics
2. High income=R1m + a year; low density
3. Middle income=R75 000-R999 000 a year, middle density
4. Low income=R0 00-R74 999 000 a year, high density
5. Wikipedia pop
6. Please note that these are just examples aimed to illustrate how this can be calculated and represented in a table as well as in a graph format. The actual information for your particular municipality can be obtained through Census data, Community surveys or municipal surveys.
7. Base population and population distribution is taken from the latest available Census for an example if the last Census was in 2001 whatever the population figures were for a particular municipality in 2001 then that would be the base population for that municipality until the next Census.

A municipality must determine the quantities and the types of waste generated in its area of jurisdiction. This involves establishing the current quantities of waste generated, recycled, treated and disposed of. Waste quantities are usually measured by mass (kilograms or tons). This information is needed for:

• Ensuring adequate planning of resources to deliver waste management services;
• Rolling out of waste collection services to the unserviced area as prioritized by government;
• Establishing waste recycling initiatives i.e. buy-back centres which can have positive impacts in the reduction of the amount of recyclables going to landfill, and the establishment of SMME's in waste management which can promote entrepreneurship amongst residents;
• Provision of a certain number of waste receptacles and the establishment of collection needs i.e. how many skips should be provided in communal areas such as shopping centres, clinics and other public areas such as sport clubs; and for implementing separation at source initiatives,
• Ensuring that the municipality procures the correct types of vehicles as well as budgets for the correct number of vehicles that will be required to effectively deliver the service; and
• Making projections of future waste quantities in order to ensure that provision is made for future waste services delivery and the expansion of infrastructure to deliver the service i.e. the information will highlight if there is a need to establish new waste disposal facilities, transfer stations for faster and more effective collection rates.

This information can be collected from the following sources:

• Waste transporters - Municipalities, Private companies
• Waste managers - waste disposal facilities, treatment facilities
• IDP and municipal records
• Waste Information System: The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) and some Provinces (i.e. Gauteng and Western Cape) have developed waste information systems (WIS) which can provide valuable information on waste quantities and types.

(a) Waste information collection methods:

A situation analysis must include waste types and quantities of waste generated in a particular area. This information can be collected using the following methods.

Option1: Weighbridge

A municipality can make use of a weighbridge to collect and record the types and quantities of waste entering its waste disposal facility. This information is also required for reporting on the South African Waste Information System (SAWIS).

Using a weighbridge a municipality must record the amounts of waste entering its waste disposal facility, by weighing the vehicles at the point of entry and again on the way out. The difference in the mass of the vehicle between the 'in' and 'out' provides the mass of the waste. A weighbridge operator is required to correctly identify the types of waste disposed of. The data is captured using weighbridge software programmed with spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel or a customized weighbridge software that can simultaneously provide billing information based on the type of waste and the size of the vehicle.

Option 2: Without a weighbridge

Making use of the vehicle capacity and the waste densities template (a volume density estimation system)

In instances where a municipality does not have a weighbridge, it can make use of templates that were developed by DEA which are attached hereto as Annexure A and B. These provide guidance on how waste quantities can be estimated for the different waste streams. Annexure A provides a list of typical vehicles used to dispose of waste in waste disposal facilities. This template makes use of estimations (by mass) that have been made based on the size of the vehicles measured in m³. Annexure B contains possible pre-calculated and estimated density values which are based on the type of vehicle carrying a particular pre-classified waste type.

Waste mass estimation system uses a formula that requires waste volume, waste density and waste loading to determine the mass entering a waste disposal facility.

Example of how to calculate waste quantities using commercial/ industrial waste type/s

Formula: waste mass (kg) =vehicle volume (m³) x load/s x waste density (kg/ m³)

If for an example a vehicle has capacity of 10 m³; and the load is 2, with a waste density of 500 m³ the calculations would be as follows:

10 m³x 2 x 500 (kg/ m³) =10 000kg

The waste mass would then be 10 000kg

The capturing of the daily waste data can be recorded as shown in Table 5.

Name of Landfill: Municipality X
Date: 06/12/2011
Client	Vehicle registration no.	Vehicle capacity in m3	Type of waste	Load
B Kumalo	BN 890 GP	20	Garden (greens)	1
R Naidoo	VW 1232 GP	30	Building	1
Sibanye recycling group	BC 682 GP	50	Tyres	2
V James	RT 782 GP	10	Building/garden mix	1

On a monthly basis a municipality must compile a summary of the quantities of waste received and should submit this information to the South Africa Waste Information Centre (SAWIC). DEA has developed data capture forms which comprise of a landfill monthly data capture form as well as a landfill annual data summary form. Using the daily waste data collection form, municipalities are required to enter the information from the daily data capture form into a monthly data form in order to transfer the handwritten data into a spreadsheet. The table below provides an example of how the information is to be captured on a monthly data capture form: NB! This form has already been developed and it is available on SAWIC.

Option 3: Sampling or conducting a waste stream analysis at a household/Ward level

Waste stream analysis or a waste audit can be conducted by selecting a representative sample of an area which should at least comprise of 30 %⁸ of the total sample area. In residential areas, these could be households from different Wards in order to ensure inclusivity and representation. Once that is known, the participating households can then be provided with receptacles and these could be different coloured plastic bags such as a black bag for mixed waste and a clear bag for recyclables. The participating households could also be provided with instructions/ training on the objectives of the study, what is required of them and how the audit will be carried out.

As an example, this could entail explaining to them the different types of commonly found domestic waste streams i.e. Glass, plastic, paper, cardboard, cans and garden waste etc. The participating residents can then be advised to separate their recyclables waste from non-recyclable/mixed waste, if the objective is to also measure the amount of recyclables generated in that area. Once collected, this should be weighed separately in order to gauge the mass of both recyclable waste and non-recyclables. A hand-held scale can be utilised for this purpose wherein the assessors (people employed to carry out the audit) will on the waste collection days or once a week depending on the agreed terms for the study; will individually weigh the waste in order to determine the amount of both recyclables generated in that particular area as well as the weight of non-recyclables.

After obtaining the figures from the participating households/Wards one is then able to extrapolate or estimate the amount of waste that is generated in that particular municipality. This can be done by adding the amounts of recyclables generated in all the areas, and then determine the average recyclables generated as well as by adding up mixed waste to determine their average. The recyclables could even be added up according to the various waste streams i.e. paper, glass, tin, cardboard etc. As illustrated below:

The different waste streams that were predominantly found in this particular area were as follows.

In Ward X, the waste composition and the amount of waste generated for both mixed and recyclable waste was as follows:

Waste type/streams	Waste generated per week (kg)	Total percentages
Organic waste	120	44.5%
Cans	60	22.2%
Paper	25	9.2%
Glass	35	12.9%
Plastic	30	11.2%
Total	270	100%

An assessor would have to record the types and amounts of waste generated in their study area for a given period of time and would need to write a summary of their findings. In area X the bulk of the waste comprised of organic waste (this included garden waste as well as vegetable peels from the kitchen) which came to 44.5% and from the recycling receptacles, cans were the majority at 22.2% followed by glass at 12.9% and then plastic at 11.2% with paper only making about 9.2% as illustrated above).

The same exercise can be performed for all the households of the different Wards that formed part of the sample size/area and this could even include business areas in order to get a bigger picture of how much waste is generated in that area apart from residential waste.

In order to get a visual description of how much waste is generated in the study area a table or a graph depicting all the different households/Wards that participated in the study could be generated and information from all the surveyed areas could be entered side by side in order to see which of the area/s or Wards in the study area generated the bulk of the waste and what waste streams were the majority.

A waste stream analysis has other benefits such as:

• It will indicate the potential for the establishment of a buy-back centre or the establishment of a Materials recovery facility (MRF).
• Will determine the current waste practices i.e. whether there is recycling taking place or illegal dumping.

Once the waste analysis results are known, they will assist in improving the current state of affairs with regards to waste management i.e. provision of waste management receptacles, establishment of separation at source programmes and recycling initiatives.

(b) Reporting to SAWIS

The Department has developed waste information regulations in terms of section 69(1) (y) and (ee) of the Waste Act that incorporated waste categorisation in order to regulate the collection and reporting of waste data and information to the SAWIS. The following table provides information on the categories/types of waste that should be reported to the SAWIS.

Level 1	Level 2 - Major Waste Type		Level 3 - Specific Waste Type
	No	Name	No	Name
	GW 01	Municipal waste	01
	GW10	Commercial and industrial waste	01
	GW13	Brine	01
	GW14	Fly ash and dust from miscellaneous filter sources	01
	GW15	Bottom ash	01
	GW16	Slag	01
			02	Non-ferrous metal slag
			03	Other
	GW17	Mineral waste	01	Foundry sand
			02	Refractory waste
			03	Other
	GW18	Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)	01	Large Household Appliances
			02	Small Household Appliances
			03	Office, information & Communication Equipment
			04	Entertainment & Consumer Electronics and toys, leisure, sports & recreational equipment and automatic issuing machines
			05	Lighting equipment
			06	Electric and Electronic tools
			07	Security & health care equipment
			08	Mixed WEEE
	GW20	Organic waste	01	Garden waste
			02	Food waste
	GW21	Sewage sludge	01	Sewage sludge
	GW30	Construction and demolition waste	01
	GW50	Paper	01	Newsprint and magazines
			02	Brown grades
			03	White grades
			04	Mixed grades
	GW51	Plastic	01	PET
			02	Others
	GW52	Glass	01
	GW53	Metals	01	Ferrous metal
			02	Non-ferrous metal
	GW54	Tyres	01
	GW99	Other	01

Once the information on the types and quantities of waste generated in a particular municipality has been collected the municipality can either enter its information directly to SAWIC at www.sawic.org.za or it could manually provide its information to a Provincial waste information officer who will then enter the information on its behalf to SAWIC.

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8. Taken from StatsSA: general guide for sampling, this implies that in a given area the sample size should at least be 30% of the total population

Estimations on the amount of waste generated can be calculated per week, per month or per year. The 2006 State of the Environment Report (SOER) indicated that South Africa generated 42 million m³ of solid waste per year. This amounted to 0,7kg's per person per day. The generation rates were further broken down into generation rates per income category and the results were as follows:

• Low income= 0.41kg/per person/day or (0.41kgx365 days)=149.65kg/person/year
• Middle income=0.74kg/per person/day or (0.74kgx 365days) = 270.1kg/person/year
• High income= 1.29kg/person/day or (1.29kgx365days) = 470.85kg/person/year

Linking to the table on demographic information under section 2.1.1, and having calculated the current waste generation rates a municipality can then add a column which estimates the current domestic waste generation per capita as illustrated below. In this instance, an assumption is made that the current waste domestic generation rates are according to the 2006, SOER figures and it is classified according to settlement types.

Type of settlement	Base population	Growth estimates9	Population distribution	Current domestic waste generation rates per capita10 (per year in kg's11)
High income, low density	100 000	0.86% per annum	Age: youth: 50 000, middle age: 40 000 and old age: 10 00012 Gender: male: 40 000 , female: 60 000 Education: primary: 30 000 , secondary: 40 000 and tertiary: 30 000	100 000x470.85 kg = 47 085 000 kg's/person/year Then convert to tons: 47 085 000÷1000 = 47 085 tons
Middle income, middle density	200 000	1.62% per annum	Age: youth: 100 000, middle age: 60 000 and old age: 40 000 Gender: male:70 000 , female: 130 000 Education: primary: 60 000, secondary: 90 000 and tertiary: 50 000	200 000x 270.1kg = 54 020 000 kg's/person/year Then convert to tons: 54 020 000÷1000 = 54 020 tons
Low income, high density (including Informal settlements)	500 000	3.8% per annum	Age: youth: 250 000, middle age: 150 00 and old age: 100 000 Gender: male: 200 000, female: 300 000 Education: primary: 300 000, secondary: 150 000 and tertiary: 50 000	500 000x 149.65kg= 74 825 000 kg's person/year Then convert to tons: 74 825 000 ÷ 1000 = 74 825 tons
Rural settlements	300 000	2.5% per annum	Age: youth: 150 000, middle age: 90 000 and old age: 60 000 Gender: male: 110 000, female: 190 000 Education: primary: 140 000, secondary: 90 000 and tertiary: 70 000	300 000x 149.65kg = 44 895 000 kg's person/year Then convert to tons: 44 895 000 ÷ 1000 = 44 895 tons

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9. According to the Mid year growth Estimate report StatsSA 2011
10. 2006 State of the Environment Report : low income=0.41kg/person/day
    Middle income=0.74kg/person/day
    high income=1.29kg/person/day
11. 1000 kg=1 ton
12. Age-Youth=0-35yrs; Middle age=36-60; old age >61

Future waste trends, in terms of quantities for the planning period should be estimated using the information collected on the domestic waste generation rates per capita for each socio-economic category/types i.e. the population, population distribution, and commercial and industrial waste generation rates.

In this instance, the information is taken as it is from section 2.1.1.under demographics. What has changed is that calculations were made to determine what the future population growth rates would be wherein an assumption has been made that if the growth estimates remained constant for the next 10 years and the per capita waste generation rates also remained constant (as what they were in the 2006 SOER) then results would be as follows:

Type of settlement	Base population	Growth estimates13	Population distribution	Current domestic waste generation rates per capita14	Future15 domestic waste generation rates per capita (in 10 years)
High income, low density	100 000	0.86% per annum	Age: youth: 50 000, middle age: 40 000 and old age: 10 00016 Gender: male: 40 000 , female: 60 000 Education: primary: 30 000 , secondary: 40 000 and tertiary: 30 000	100 000x470.85 kg = 47 085 000 kg's/ person/year	108 600 x 470.85kg/person/year = 51 134 310 kg's /person/year Then convert to tons: 51 134 310 ÷ 1000=51134.31 tons
Middle income, middle density	200 000	1.62%	Age: youth: 100 000, middle age: 60 000 and old age: 40 000 Gender: male:70 000 , female: 130 000 Education: primary: 60 000, secondary: 90 000 and tertiary: 50 000	200 000x 270.1kg = 54 020 000 kg's/person/year	232400x 270.1kg/person/year= 62771240kg's/person/year Then convert to tons: 62771240 ÷ 1000=62771.24. tons
Low income, high density (including Informal settlement)	500 000	3.8%	Age: youth: 250 000, middle age: 150 00 and old age: 100 000 Gender: male: 200 000, female: 300 000 Education: primary: 300 000, secondary: 150 000 and tertiary: 50 000	500 000x 149.65kg= 74825 000 kg's person/year	690 000x149.65kg=103 258 500 kg/person/year Then convert to tons: 103 258 500 ÷ 1000=103258.5 tons
Rural settlements	300 000	2.5%	Age: youth: 150 000, middle age: 90 000 and old age: 60 000 Gender: male: 110 000, female: 190 000 Education: primary: 140 000, secondary: 90 000 and tertiary: 70 000	300 000x 149.65kg=44895 000 kg's person/year	375 000x149.65kg= 561 187 50 kg's/person/year Then convert to tons: 561 187 50 ÷ 1000=56118.75 tons

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13. Assuming that the population growth rates will remain constant for the next 10 years
14. Assuming that the per capita waste generation rates would be according to the 2006 State of the Environment Report for all income categories:
    low income=0.41kg/person/day Middle income=0.74kg/person/day,
    high income=1.29kg/person/day
15. 10 years time assuming that the waste generation rates would be according to the 2006 State of Environment figures.
16. Age-Youth=0-35yrs; Middle age=36-60; old age >61

(a) Waste recycling

This section entails the identification of existing recycling initiatives and it must be indicated whether these are recycling initiatives by the municipality or industry lead. This can be for the various waste streams such as paper, glass, plastic, metal or even composting and these could even be community run initiatives through private individuals, co-operatives/recycling groups including NGO's. The available recycling infrastructure such as buy-back centres, Materials Recovery facilities should be identified in order for the municipality to publicise these through education and advocacy to ensure maximum participation by the residents.

Established recycling facilities should be described for each local authority, as follows:

• Existing recycling facilities (name of the facility, location, the capacity i.e. can process so many tonnes of waste per month, treatment, age, etc.);
• Commodities recycled (e.g. waste paper, cans, plastic and glass); and
• Quantities of waste recovered

(b) Treatment and Disposal

Municipalities should keep a record of waste disposal facilities under their area of jurisdiction and should indicate the status of these waste disposal facilities (i.e. whether they are licensed or unlicensed) including treatment facilities for hazardous waste (even if they are owned and operated by the private sector). Municipalities are required to ensure that waste is properly managed and disposed of according to Waste license conditions. It is also important that municipalities must establish the size of their waste disposal facilities; the anticipated lifespan and/ or available airspace, types and quantities of waste disposed, and should take note of whether these are operated in a sound and environmentally acceptable manner.

(i) Determining available airspace at waste disposal facilities

Determining the available waste disposal facilities' airspace assists in understanding the amount of waste that can still be accepted as well as in knowing the remaining airspace. Importantly, it will assist a municipality to plan for the future i.e. if the waste disposal is almost near its end of life then a municipality could be proactive by lodging the necessary applications to obtain a license for a new waste disposal facility, and or secure funding for upgrading the existing waste disposal facility/ies or securing funding to construct new ones.In order to determine the available waste disposal facility's airspace, various methods can be employed. Topographical method is one of them. Using the topographical method in determining the remaining capacity of a waste disposal facility; a municipality needs to know the current and final capacity of the currently licensed waste disposal facility. According to this method, the current and final capacity of the waste disposal facility is used to determine the current and final volumes. The remaining capacity is calculated using the final capacity/volumes minus the existing capacity/volumes, for example:

Final capacity-Existing capacity= Remaining Capacity
If a waste disposal facility has a final capacity of 500 000m³ and the existing capacity is 300 000m³ then the remaining capacity would be 200 000 m³ calculated as follows:
500 000m³-300 000m³=200 000m³

In instances where there is no information available to determine airspace/capacity in a given municipality; it can be obtained from the following sources:

The following table provides an example of how this information can be recorded in instances where there are more than one waste disposal facilities in a given municipality.

Name/s of Disposal site/s	Status	Total capacity	Available waste disposal facility/ies airspace
Vondeling waste disposal site	Licensed	2,500 000 m3	1,500 000 m3
Giyani Waste disposal facility	Unlicensed	2,000 000 m3	1, 350 000 m3

(Number of persons not receiving a waste collection service)

A list containing areas that receive a waste collection service and areas that do not receive waste services should be developed. For indigent households, municipalities are required to register indigent households on an indigent register and should ensure that it is kept up to date. The National Domestic Waste Collection Standards can be used as a guideline on the acceptable collection standards for the different settlement types. Further a municipality needs to develop a plan on how it will roll out waste collection services in the different settlement types. For example, different methods could be employed to deliver the service such as making use of the community based collection model in areas that are densely populated using local labour and so forth. A municipality also needs to develop an inventory of its own resources being it financial, infrastructure and human resources in order to highlight how it will deal with providing the service to indigent households and if new establishments are constructed, how it will deal and cope with such expansion.

Settlement type	Total households	Total no. of serviced households	Total no. of unserviced households	Total indigent households (taken from total households)	Total unserviced indigents households (taken from total unserviced households)
High income, low density	1000	1000	0	0	0
Middle income, middle density	100 000	60 000	40 000	10 000	5000
Low income, high density (including Informal settlement)	200 000	100 000	100 000	40 000	40 000
Rural settlements	300 000	50 000	250 000	170 000	170 000

The delivery of waste collection services to indigent households as well as rolling out services to previously un-serviced areas could be listed as one of the strategic goals of a municipality. Attaining this target could be achieved through listing the goals and targets in the implementation plan to ensure that it will be prioritised.

(i) Collection needs

It is crucial to establish the extent of collection services provided by the municipality as well as the collection routes in a geographical area or in municipal demarcated collection regions. This can be achieved through mapping the collection routes/areas in order to ascertain the proximity of waste collection routes to the waste disposal sites in order to ensure efficiency and fast turnaround times.

By establishing collection routes, a municipality would be able to properly plan for collection and disposal of waste to and from households to the waste disposal facility/ies, at the same time this information could also be used to gauge whether there is a need to develop transfer stations especially where there are vast travel differences between the collection points and the disposal points in order to save on time and financial resources.

(a) Budgeting for waste services

The Municipal Systems Act, Act no. 32 of 2000 (Chapter 8, ss73-86A) requires that municipalities must ensure proper budgeting in order that they are able to deliver on their Constitutional mandate with regards to the provision of waste services. In order for a municipality to successfully implement its IWMP, it is important to establish the current available resources in terms of finance; human resources, technical skills to deliver on the municipality's mandate and to implement the goals and targets contained in the plan i.e. development of by-laws and lastly, funding for operational and maintenance costs for equipment for the effective delivery of waste services and establishment of waste disposal facilities. Further, financial management/budgeting is key as it will assist in identifying future resource needs i.e. if there is an increase in the number of households requiring waste collection services what additional resources will be required to deliver the service. A typical budget includes the following information:

	Item	Amount per annum
Collection	Transportation	R700 000
	Capex-purchase (vehicles)	R400 000
	Maintenance	R100 000
	Fuel	R150 000
	Receptacles	R50 000
	General	R25 000
	Recyclables	R25 000
Governance	Staff (remuneration)	R1 000 000
	Education and awareness	R500 000
	IWMPS	R500 000
Disposal	By-laws	R500 000
	Transfer station	R300 000
	Disposal sites	R10 000 000
	Acquisition of land, equipment	R5 000 000
	Regulatory compliance, EIA's and licence	R5 000 000

Item	Total amount
Collection	R700 000
Governance	R2 500 000
Disposal	R10 300 000

The available income/revenue should be listed and the sources of income must also be indicated. Of importance is that a municipality should determine how much revenue is generated in a given year and it should keep record of income and expenditure for compliance reasons (MFMA).

(b) Organisational and institutional matters

Under this section, a municipality must indicate its current organizational structure or organogram in order to determine the available human resources to deliver waste services. The organogram will highlight the number of available staff under each section such as staff to perform management duties, planning, waste collection, recycling and disposal, and enforcement etc. Further an organizational structure could potentially be used to evaluate gaps in areas where there are new functions that must be performed in order to fulfill the Waste Act's requirements. An example of an organogram is illustrated below:

Figure 3: Current organogram

If the above was an organogram of a particular municipality, then that municipality would require additional capacity in order to be able to meet the Waste Act's requirements which amongst others include the development of by-laws, enforcement of by-laws (designation of EMI's), a waste disposal facility manager to manage its waste disposal facility according to the Waste license and supervisors to supervise general workers. Staff shortages can be addressed as one of the goals/targets under the implementation plan as the successful implementation of an IWMP lies in the availability of staff to deliver on the municipality's mandate.

The desired end state entails identifying priorities and goals that a municipality wishes to attain with regards to waste management. Using the information collected on the historical and present waste management situation, strategic goals for the IWMP should be developed. These should aim to address the gaps and the needs of the community and more importantly should respond to the Waste Act requirements. A program on how these will be attained is developed as an implementation plan. The strategic goals must be set based on the relevant waste legislation, regulations and policies and should be guided by the waste management hierarchy principles. Further, it should also include the setting of targets for waste management services such as collection, recycling, recovery and disposal. The setting of goals, objectives and targets must also take into consideration the municipal response to the goals and targets set in the National Waste Management Strategy.

The National Waste Management Strategy provides a set of goals that municipalities must achieve in the next five years in order to give effect to the Waste Act. It contains an action plan with various targets to be achieved by municipalities in the next five years until 2016. It is important that there should be a target date by which municipal strategic goals and targets are to be attained within the 5 years from the date the IWMP has been approved.

Strategic goals can be divided into:

• Immediate: 1 year
• Short-term: 2 to 3 years
• Medium term: 3 to 5 years and
• Long-term: 5 to 10 years

Long term goals relate to targets that extend beyond the 5 year period of implementing an IWMP i.e. decommissioning and planning to develop a new waste disposal facility.

The following tables provide examples of how a desired end state for waste management strategic goals can be captured:

For example, in this particular municipality goal 1 was to promote recycling and the recovery of waste; in a tabular format this would be represented as follows:

Under this section a municipality must undertake to identify the different alternatives that can be employed to achieve the desired end state and it should indicate the different approaches to achieve the targets. It is crucial to explore different approaches that can be employed for all aspects to waste management. A municipality must indicate the best possible way of attaining the goals by weighing the costs vs the benefits of each.

A municipality is required to critically look at all the requirements and should decide based on its available capacity and financial resources, which of the requirements will be attained in the short-medium to long term and what the implications would be if no action is taken. During the consultation phase of the development of an IWMP, it is important to make stakeholders aware of the requirements in terms of the Waste Act, in order that if there are tradeoffs to be made, they too can be involved in prioritising the services to be delivered.

As an example:

In municipality X, the following was identified as a goal:

Goal 1: Promote recycling and the recovery of waste

Target: (separation at source and recycling)

In order to attain this goal the municipality will need to put in place the following measures:

Legal requirements/framework

Develop and/or observe the legal framework governing waste separation at source i.e. National domestic waste collection standards. Develop a system to roll out separation at source in terms of the standards wherein receptacles will be provided for recyclables and non-recyclables to be collected from households.

The municipality should lay out the standards that must be adhered to i.e. how many and what types of receptacles will the municipality deliver per household? Will these be two plastic bags one clear for recyclables and another one black for all other waste? Where will the recyclables be taken for recycling? How many times will the receptacles be collected?

The municipality should consider where the receptacles will be placed in areas where door-to-door collection is not feasible.

Resources/Finances:

How will the municipality finance separation at source programmes? The programme could be financed through the sale of receptacles or it could be financed through a joint venture with industry where the municipality could ensure that a contractor has access to the recyclables and in turn the service provider will fund the transport costs as well as will employ locals in the collection and recycling of the material. What is important is that the municipality must ensure that the service is delivered in a sustainable manner.

The sub-contractor/s could also be advised to collect recyclables separately in order to generate more income from the sale of the recyclables.

Or if the service will be delivered in-house a municipality must indicate that it will use that method.

Human resources:

A municipality could look at its current organogram in order to determine whether sub-contracting the service would be more effective as opposed to sub-contracting the service. If it is going to be delivered in-house, does the current organogram have sufficient human resources to deliver the service? If not how many additional staff members should the municipal have and at what cost?

Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services

Target: Roll out waste collection to un-service areas (including indigent households)

In order to achieve this goal a municipality would need to undertake the same exercise as in goal 1 where it should consider the following:

Legal requirements/framework:

What are the applicable policies for waste collection and how do those suggest the service should be delivered to residents? i.e. National policy for the provision of basic refuse removal services to indigent households. Are there any municipal by-laws regulating the delivery of waste management services and if so what methods are recommended for the collection of waste in the different settlement types?

Resources/Finances:

Options on how to provide the service in a cost effective manner must be considered. These could involve making use of locals to service densely populated settlements such as informal settlements.

Increase SME participation by encouraging locals to explore opportunities in waste through using labour intensive collection models.

The main aim is to increase the number of households receiving a waste collection service and by promoting labour intensive collection methods a municipality could realize other spin offs such as creating job opportunities as well as encouraging entrepreneurship.

Transportation:

How many vehicles will be required to deliver the service and how many personnel should be employed to carry out the delivery of the service? What types of vehicles can be utilized to deliver the service in the different settlement types i.e. will compactor trucks work in informal settlements or are these areas better serviced by a local contractor using a normal bakkie?

Further, a municipality could explore mapping out waste collection routes and this could lead to fast turnaround times and therefore the service could be delivered in the most economical manner.

The cost-benefit analysis will indicate the best possible options i.e. whether the service should be provided in-house or certain aspects to waste management should be sub-contracted. The chosen options must be indicated in the implementation plan.

The evaluation of alternatives should be performed for all the goals as listed in the desired end state.

Lastly, a municipality should also indicate the implications should there be lack of action on the strategic goals

Goal 1: Promote recycling and the recovery of waste (separation at source and recycling)

• If no action is taken to achieve this goal the municipality will be in contravention of the Waste Act which requires municipalities to promote the waste management hierarchy approach to waste management where as much waste as possible should be recycled.
• The National domestic waste collection standards which calls for municipalities to provide receptacles in order to divert recyclable waste to landfill.
• Waste that could otherwise be recycled will be disposed of in a waste disposal site; the resulting impact would be; failure to contribute to government's target on diverting recyclables to landfill.
• Will experience environmental impacts associated with land filling such as the contamination of underground water resources, poorly run waste disposal facilities posing health and safety challenges to workers and reclaimers.
• The municipality will miss out on an opportunity to create employment and contribute towards local economic development if no recycling is promoted

Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services

• The municipality will be in contravention of the National policy for the provision of basic refuse removal services to indigent households which requires that waste collection services should be delivered to indigent households.
• Will not contribute to government targets (Outcome 10 targets) which aim to increase the number of households receiving a waste collection service from 64% to 75% by 2015.
• Further, it will contravene any applicable municipal by-laws including the municipality's Constitutional obligation on the delivery of waste collection services
• The poor and the most vulnerable will continue to live in unhygienic conditions posing health and safety challenges such as vector borne diseases

This exercise should be performed for all the chosen goals in order for the municipality to have a thorough understanding of what is required, how to achieve the goals and what the implications could be if there is no action.

After the identification and evaluation of possible alternatives with regard to their implications be it negative or positive in terms of socio-ecological and economical impacts, under this section a municipality is required to indicate its chosen alternatives for each waste management goal. Each goal may require specific resources i.e. x amount of money, x number of additional personnel etc.

For Goal 1: Promote recycling and the recovery of waste: the following will be required:

What method/methods will be employed to achieve this goal? What does the Waste Act say i.e. the waste management hierarchy approach? What does the Outcome 10 target say? What local resources could be employed to achieve this goal? For an example:

In the evaluation of preferred alternatives the best option was to deliver the service through a Public-Private partnership. This will entail the following:

• Industries will in conjunction with the municipality establish a Public-Private partnership that will drive separation at source as well as recycling initiatives in order to meet the target to divert recyclables from going to waste disposal facilities, as well as promote other options of the waste management hierarchy
• The municipality's role would be to educate it's households on the benefits of separation at source i.e. amongst other things it has economical benefits because the waste will not be contaminated, it will be diverted from landfill thereby will prolong the municipality's waste disposal site lifespan, residents will enjoy social benefits, jobs will be created in the recycling value chain etc.

What methods could be employed to drive recycling?

A Public Private Partnership between the municipality and a private company could be established to drive recycling in the community. The municipality's role could be that of providing receptacles as required by the standards whereas the private recycling company would be responsible for removing the recyclables from households thereby will be responsible for transport costs.

In densely populated settlements such as informal settlements: The municipality could deliver the service using the following method:

Communal collection points whereby community members could make use of wheelbarrows to collect the recyclables from the individual households into designated communal collection points. Once or twice a week, these would be collected by the recycling company to an MRF or buy-back centre. In this process, the municipality should as much as possible try to involve local sub-contractors that will use their own vehicles in order to promote SMME development and entrepreneurship. This could be a cheap and a cost effective way of removing the recyclables from the households whilst at the same time it will create employment and promote SMME development.

The sub-contractors could also be advised to collect recyclables separately in order to generate more income from the sale of the recyclables.

For Goal 2: Ensure the effective and efficient delivery of waste services

The chosen alternatives were as follows:

Waste collection services in the municipality will be delivered by the municipality itself. This will require an additional of 40 general workers. However, the municipality will sub-contract the service for densely populated areas such as informal settlements at a cost of R5 million. The municipality will employ an additional waste manager to manage the contract in order that the service can be delivered effectively.